Through their leadership, principals have an important, yet typically indirect, effect on pupils’ learning. This article focuses attention on principals’ influences on teaching and assessment in special education in Sweden.

This randomised controlled trial experimental study compared the effectiveness of using two different types of visualisation – self-constructed visualisation (SCV) and passively received visualisation (PRV) – to help children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) solve mathematical word problems.